Much like the questions around the UK‘s future relationship with the European Union, the terminology thrown up by Brexit is complex, confusing and contentious.

Here is your brief guide to Brexit jargon, with an approximate reading time of five minutes:

Article 50

The exit clause within the Lisbon Treaty, the terms of which form the constitutional basis of the European Union. A member state must invoke the treaty before it can formally and legally leave the bloc. The UK triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017, becoming the first EU member to do so.

Backstop

A safety net provision within the withdrawal agreement which prevents a hard border being erected between Northern Ireland, a constituent part of the UK, and the Republic of Ireland, an EU member state, if a trade deal hasn’t been agreed between the EU and the UK by the end of the transition period.

Under the terms of the agreement, the whole of the UK will remain in a customs union in relation to trade in goods with the EU “unless and until” the bloc agrees there is no prospect of a return to a hard border.

Brexit

The term for the UK’s move to renounce its membership of the European Union following a divisive referendum in June 2016. More than 33 million voters took part in the poll, with 52 percent deciding in favour of leaving.

Canada model

Pursuing the so-called “Canada model” would mean the UK attempting to strike up a free-trade deal with the EU outside of the single-market model once it has left the bloc. Canada’s deal with the EU, known as the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), means it enjoys almost completely tariff-free trade in goods with the bloc. Under this model, the UK would not have to contribute to the EU budget and would not be bound by the single market’s laws, such as allowing for the free movement of people.

Customs Union

An agreement under which two or more countries agree not to impose taxes on imported goods from one another and to apply a common tariff on goods imported from countries not party to the agreement.

Under the terms of the EU’s customs union, goods that have been legally imported into the bloc can circulate throughout its member states with no further customs checks and member states are forbidden from negotiating trade agreements separately from the bloc.

Deal

This refers to the UK leaving the EU with a brokered agreement on the terms of its withdrawal and future trading arrangements with the bloc.

European Union

A 28-member political and economic bloc. More than 500 million people live within EU member states, according to Eurostat, the EU’s statistical office.

Hard border

Because of Brexit, a physical border, controlled and protected by customs authorities, police or military forces could be erected between Northern Ireland, a constituent part of the UK, and the Republic of Ireland, an EU member state.

This raises concerns about the future of the Good Friday Peace Agreement, a peace deal signed in 1998 which helped to end the Troubles – a conflict in Northern Ireland between nationalists in favour of uniting Ireland and unionists in favour of the country remaining part of the UK.

The Good Friday deal removed security checkpoints along the border and helped make it all but invisible. It did not mention borders or customs.

Hard Brexit

There is no strict definition of hard Brexit, but it is generally accepted to mean a version of withdrawal from the EU which would see the UK leave the bloc’s single market and customs union. A hard Brexit would also likely see the UK stop paying into the EU’s budget and end freedom of movement, a founding principle of the union which permits citizens of EU member states to live and work in any part of the bloc.

Meaningful vote

Parliament’s December 11 vote on May’s proposed withdrawal agreement. Majority support will mean May can introduce a formal EU Withdrawal Agreement Bill to parliament for consideration and ratification in early 2019.

Majority opposition will force the government to put forward a new plan within 21 days. In such a scenario, a renegotiation of the existing deal, general election, second referendum and no-deal Brexit could all be possible outcomes.

No Deal

The UK leaving the EU with no brokered agreement on the terms of its withdrawal or future trading arrangements with the bloc.

Such a scenario could lead to serious economic disruption, with businesses and individuals throughout the UK and EU potentially affected.

Norway-style compromise

Under the so-called “Norway-style compromise” approach, the UK would remain in the bloc’s single market, otherwise known as the internal market or the European Economic Area, after it has formally left the union. As such, Britain would be able to trade freely within the bloc while also striking trade deals with non-EU countries. It would also have to make financial contributions to the EU budget and accept a significant proportion of the bloc’s law, however, including the continued free movement of people, goods, services and money.

People’s vote

The name coined by pro-remain campaigners for a possible second referendum on the UK’s EU membership. 

They argue that the vote leave movement misled the public about the benefits of quitting the bloc and claim the withdrawal agreement is a worse option for the UK than staying in the EU.

Single Market

The EU’s single market covers all member states and four other countries – Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland – and permits people, goods, services and money to move around freely as within a single country. Common rules and regulations are devised, implemented and adhered to by its members.

Soft Brexit

There is no strict definition of soft Brexit, but it is generally accepted to mean a version of withdrawal from the EU which would see the UK remain part of the bloc’s single market and customs union, or both. A soft Brexit could also include UK concessions to aspects of the freedom of movement principle.

Transition period

The period during which negotiations on future trade arrangements between the UK and the EU will take place. It will begin when the UK officially exits the bloc, on March 29, 2019, and is scheduled to run until December 31, 2020. The withdrawal agreement allows for this to be extended, however, with speculation a trade deal could take at least two more years to settle.

Withdrawal agreement

British Prime Minister Theresa May‘s brokered deal with the EU on the terms of the UK’s departure. The 585-page draft agreement includes provisions on citizens’ rights, the transition period and the so-called “backstop arrangement” concerning the Irish border, among other things.

BUENOS AIRES — Western leaders claiming to be outraged over the murder of Jamal Khashoggi did little at the G20 summit to confront Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman of Saudi Arabia over allegations that he personally ordered the killing.

U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May took an especially curious approach, telling the prince to investigate fully and, in effect, bring himself to justice if necessary.

“It is absolutely the case that the relationship that we have with Saudi Arabia means that we are able to raise issues that are difficult issues with them and to be clear with them on our views on things and our concerns about things,” May said on Saturday when asked if she had confronted Salman and, if not, why not.

“What I said to the crown prince yesterday was the importance of a full credible transparent investigation that identifies those who were involved and the importance of ensuring that those who were involved are held to account,” May said. “That is the message we have consistently given since the terrible murder of Jamal Khashoggi and it is the message we will continue to give.”

May’s comments were hardly the only tame response by Western leaders, who seemed largely at a loss as to how to handle the case of a world leader accused of ordering the gruesome assassination and dismemberment of Khashoggi, a Saudi dissident who lived in the U.S. and wrote opinion columns for The Washington Post.

“On Khashoggi we agreed urgent need to establish what happened on 2 October” — Donald Tusk, European Council president

European Council President Donald Tusk did not even specifically name Saudi Arabia or the prince when he appeared to raise his own concerns about Khashoggi’s murder at a news conference in Buenos Aires on Friday.

“We also cannot underestimate other issues which remain difficult for some leaders, such as human rights, freedom of press and basic safety of journalists,” Tusk said. “It is our obligation, as the EU, to take this opportunity and press our partners to respect these basic principles.”

Instead, Tusk’s only specific mention of the case came in the second half of a Twitter post, in which he first referenced the EU’s coordinated positions on trade and climate policy.

“On #Khashoggi we agreed urgent need to establish what happened on 2 October,” Tusk wrote, referencing the day that Khashoggi entered the Saudi consulate in Istanbul and never emerged. “Given outstanding nature of the case, the international dimension could enhance the credibility of the Saudi investigation.”

The EU countries at the #G20Summit coordinated position on trade, climate. On #Khashoggi we agreed urgent need to establish what happened on 2 October. Given outstanding nature of the case, the international dimension could enhance the credibility of the Saudi investigation. pic.twitter.com/w0YdrgSPuY

— Donald Tusk (@eucopresident) November 30, 2018

Pressed on what Tusk meant by “international dimension,” Council officials said they could provide no further details.

The diplomatic response to the killing has been guarded. Canada and the U.S. have imposed sanctions against individual Saudis implicated in the killing, while EU countries, in an effort coordinated by France, Germany and the U.K., have imposed a travel ban on those individuals. Germany has also stopped arms sales to Saudi Arabia. But there have been no expulsions of diplomats or more severe measures.

Saudi Arabia has denied that the crown prince had advance knowledge of the killing, and U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, in an interview on CNN on Saturday, denied that there was any direct U.S. intelligence linking the Saudi leader to the murder. “I have read every piece of intelligence that’s in the possession of the United States government,” Pompeo said. “And when it is done, when you complete that analysis, there’s no direct evidence linking him to the murder of Jamal Khashoggi.” Pompeo declined to comment on a C.I.A. conclusion that it was likely Salman ordered the killing.

The Wall Street Journal reported Saturday that the C.I.A. assessment was based on 11 messages sent by the crown prince to his closest adviser who oversaw the team that killed Khashoggi. The messages were sent in the hours before and after the killing.

U.S. President Donald Trump, who has also sought to minimize findings by the C.I.A. implicating the crown prince in Khashoggi’s death, was nonetheless careful to avoid being seen in any kind of friendly encounter with the Saudi leader at the G20 meeting.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, by contrast, did not hesitate to give Salman an enthusiastic greeting.

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who has provided evidence to U.S. and other intelligence agencies apparently in an effort to prove the crown prince’s role in the killing, used a news conference on Saturday to call on Saudi Arabia to extradite any suspects arrested in connection with Khashoggi’s death.

“Because the crime was committed in Istanbul, we believe that the criminals, the perpetrators, have to be returned to Turkey,” Erdoğan said. “And we made an official request that the Saudis have not returned. They have declined our request.”

Erdoğan insisted that his effort to draw attention to the case was not motivated by politics, even though the steady stream of leaks from the Turkish investigation has led many to conclude he is seeking to gain a geopolitical advantage from the incident.

“We have never seen this as a political issue and we shall never do. For us this incidence is a horrendous act of murder and will remain so,” the Turkish president said.

“You never listen to me” — French President Emmanuel Macron to the Saudi crown prince

French President Emmanuel Macron insisted that he delivered a stern message to Salman. “I have told him strictly … [that] we all want clarity about the facts of the Khashoggi affair and we need a perfectly credible investigation at international level.”

But video of a brief interaction between Macron and Salman suggested whatever the French president has been telling the Saudi leader has had little impact. In the video, Macron can be heard saying, “You never listen to me.” The crown prince can be heard replying, “I will listen, of course.”

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, at his closing news conference at the G20, said he had confronted the crown prince over the Khashoggi killing and a separate diplomatic dispute over the jailing of Raif Badawi, a Saudi dissident writer and activist imprisoned since 2012 on charges of insulting Islam.  Badawi’s wife and three children received political asylum in Canada.

“I also spoke directly to the crown prince to highlight our concerns and our need for better answers on the killing of Khashoggi and also the need for an immediate ceasefire and humanitarian aid to go to Yemen, which is the largest humanitarian disaster going on in the world right now,” Trudeau said.

He added, “The G20 context is exactly a context where we can have these direct conversations between leaders.”

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The current Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo is now the second largest in history, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), with at least 426 confirmed cases in the country.

The outbreak, declared on August 1, has led to at least 198 confirmed deaths, DR Congo’s health ministry said.

It is the tenth time in DR Congo since Ebola was first detected there in 1976 and centres around the restive eastern city of Beni in North Kivu, a region which has been blighted by armed conflict, which has hampered efforts to curb the outbreak.

Al Jazeera spoke to Dr Matshidiso Moeti, Regional Director of WHO Africa, about the spread of the outbreak, lessons learned from the earlier outbreaks, and what the future holds for health issues in Africa.

Al Jazeera: DRC’s health minister called it the “worst outbreak” in the country’s history. How difficult is it for the WHO to tackle it?

Matshidiso Moeti: This is happening in a zone where there’s long-standing conflict. There is also a mistrust and the level of acceptance from the population has been a particular problem. Even as we’re there, there have been attacks on communities, kidnappings, threats to our staff and even attacks.

We’ve been keen to work at community level, with various community groups, hoping to spread the word to everyone, including the armed groups. We want to tell them that when there’s an Ebola outbreak, and the virus is circulating, we’re all at risk, including them. 

This is a combination of security issues and mistrust by the population, and even reluctance to cooperate sometimes. There are areas under the radar where the standard of infection control is very poor, they are some of the main areas where transmission is occurring and that has made the situation difficult and complicated.

This is a work in progress.

Al Jazeera: What kind of resistance did you meet from the communities?

Moeti: One of the biggest challenges has been the initial resistance from the communities. Some of them question why we’re here now. They ask where we were when they were being killed by these armed groups and how we’ve taken notice once Ebola hit them.

One thing we’re working on is safe and dignified burials. That’s one of the biggest areas of contamination and infection. In African communities, we have traditions when it comes to births, marriages and death. This is when we remember our culture and go back to practice it.

Al Jazeera: How difficult is it to let families safely part with the bodies of loved ones?

Moeti: It is difficult. People don’t find it easy to accept it. There has been resistance. But we’ve managed to do it effectively. One of the things is knowing who to work with, who has the trust of the community and a relationship with them – different leaders, religious leaders, women’s groups, etc. 

The investment in a dialogue with the community has also been important, not only for surveillance but also for building confidence in terms of persuading people to appreciate the risk and change their practices – how to deal with the loved ones who have died and essentially to hand them over for a safe burial.

Al Jazeera: How is that persuasion being done?

Moeti: For example, there is a very large number of small health clinics run by a number of health workers. This is a mix of traditional remedies and modern medicine but are not really regulated. This has been used and trusted by the population but this is where a lot of transmission has happened.

Now we’re working with them on infection prevention and control. We’re providing them with the material, knowledge and training needed so that if people visit, they understand and realise what they have to do to prevent transmission.

Al Jazeera: Malaria killed approximately 435,000 people last year, 93 percent of those in Africa. Last year, you told Al Jazeera “progress was being made but it wasn’t enough“. Why is progress still slow?

Moeti: The situation is still very similar. Twelve months is not a lot of time to turn a programme around…

Al Jazeera: … but we’re talking about more almost 400,000 deaths …

Moeti: You have to recalibrate and what additional capacity you have, address the bottlenecks you’re encountering. You see, it’s one thing to distribute bed nets but another to change what people do inside their homes – making sure they actually use it and to adopt that practice consistently.

We’ve identified 10 African countries and India as the heaviest burden countries [as part of a new initiative] and planning to improve the situation. 

Drug lord Pablo Escobar was killed 25 years ago, ending the life of one of the world’s most notorious outlaws, responsible for an unprecedented number of deaths and bomb attack in Colombia.

But overcoming Escobar’s legacy is not easy and in his hometown of Medellin, residents who live in homes he built for them are planning heartfelt tributes to mark Sunday’s anniversary.

“He was a good person who also had to do bad things otherwise he would have been killed earlier. He helped many,” Emanuel Lara Rodriguez, a Mexican tourist in Colombia told Al Jazeera.

Escobar was killed in a rooftop shootout with police and army soldiers in Medellin, on December 2, 1993, one day after his 44th birthday, and five months after he appeared on Forbes magazine’s list of the world’s richest people for the seventh time.

The mansion where Escobar lived with his family was bombed in 1988 and left abandoned, but today it is an important symbol of Escobar’s era. One the authorities want to get rid of.

The home has become a top tourist attraction in Medellin’s El Poblado neighbourhood, but it will soon be replaced with a public park that will be dedicated to the thousands of people killed in Colombia by drug gang disputes.

“It’s a tribute to the victims and all the people that defended legality,” Daniel Vasquez, manager at Colombia’s Memory House Museum, told Al Jazeera.

“We have moved forward but we still have huge challenges because the violence and drug trafficking are still here. “They’ve changed and are less intense but we need to keep working on our culture so that it will always be less present,” he added.

The park will cost an estimated $2.5m. Renovating and reinforcing the mansion would have cost $11m, according to the city.

Complicated legacy

Twenty-five-years ago, Medellin, Colombia’s second-largest city, was infested with drug violence, car bombs and regular shootouts, as drug gangs, state forces and private militias fought for supremacy.

In 1991, at the height of Escobar’s conflict with authorities, Medellin had 6,349 murders.

But the fascination with the legend of Escobar has overshadowed this reality for many, and stories around him are still popular.

In Antioqua, an area surrounded by drugs, many still speak about the fact that it has the biggest concentration of hippopotamus outside of Africa – animals that, having escaped from Escobar’s ranch, were left to roam wild instead of being transferred to the zoo, according to reports from El Pais.

According to Netflix, more than 60 million viewers have been attracted to the eccentric details of his life through hugely successful series such as Narcos and other TV series and documentaries.

And for many he is still the “Colombian Robin Hood”, particularly in the neighbourhood that bears his name, where he donated 443 homes to people who before lived at the local dump.

“I see him like a second God,” resident Maria Eugenia Castano, 44, told AFP news agency, as she lights a candle at an altar that bears Escobar’s photograph.

“To me, God is first, and then him.”

But the damage he inflicted is also remembered, Escobar’s victims are still seeking for justice and a balanced narrative of what really happened.

“Pablo will confuse you,” Yamile Zapata a stylist in Medellin said.

“If you want to look at the good side, he was very good. If you want to look at the bad, he was very bad.”

French President Emmanuel Macron has denounced protesters in Paris as chaos-seekers, after they torched cars, smashed windows, looted shops and tagged the Arc de Triomphe with multi-coloured graffiti.

“I will never accept violence,” Macron said at a press conference, before leaving the G20 summit in Argentina to deal with the domestic crisis.

“No cause justifies that authorities are attacked, that businesses are plundered, that passers-by or journalists are threatened or that the Arc de Triomphe is defiled,” he said.

The “yellow vest” demonstrations, which were first triggered weeks ago by planned fuel price hikes, turned chaotic in the French capital on Saturday, which saw its worst riots in more than a decade.

French police officers responded with tear gas, after demonstrators hurled stones and projectiles towards them, on the third weekend of demonstrations that have morphed into a broader rebuke of Macron.

Authorities said that at least 287 people were arrested and 110 injured, including 17 policemen.

Interior Minister Castaner attributed the violence to “specialists in sowing conflict, specialists in destruction”.

He did not rule out imposing a state of emergency – a demand made by the police union Alliance – declaring: “Nothing is taboo for me. I am prepared to examine everything.”

Six buildings were set ablaze, and nearly 190 fires were put out, the interior ministry said.

‘They want chaos’

An estimated 75,000 protesters, the majority of them peaceful, were counted across France on Saturday afternoon, according to the interior ministry.

That number was well below the total on the first day of protests on November 17, when 282,000 people took part across the country. Last Saturday, 106,000 took to the streets.

But the vast plumes of smoke and tear gas that clouded the capital on Saturday were a testament to the escalation of violence in Paris.

“Those guilty of this violence don’t want change, they don’t want improvements, they want chaos. They betray the causes that they pretend to serve and which they manipulate,” Macron said on Saturday.

“They will be identified and brought to justice for their actions,” he said.

Macron said he would convene a meeting on the situation with his prime minister and interior minister on Sunday morning in Paris.

“I will always respect debate and I will always listen to the opposition but I will never accept violence,” Macron said.

Reporting from Paris, Al Jazeera’s David Chater said the movement could become “a real threat politically to President Macron’s administration”.

“The protests were even more violent than last week’s demonstrations. There were more arrests and more injuries. There seems little chance of reconciliation any time soon.”

The “yellow vest” movement erupted on social media in October and has since become a wider protest against Macron, who is accused of failing to recognise the rising cost of living that has left many people struggling.

The countrywide protests have included many pensioners and have been most active in small urban and rural areas where demonstrators have blocked roads, closed motorway toll booths, and even walled up the entrance to tax offices.

Two people have died and dozens have been injured in the rallies, which opinion polls suggest still attract the support of two out of three French people.

Attempts by the government to negotiate with the grassroots movement have failed, in large part because representatives have insisted on public talks broadcast on TV.

Macron has sought to douse the anger by promising three months of nationwide talks on how best to transform France into a low-carbon economy without penalising the poor.

He also vowed to slow the rate of increase in fuel taxes if international oil prices rise too rapidly but only after a tax rise due in January.