Bekaa Valley, Lebanon – Tarima Ibrahim huddled together with her children to keep them warm as incessant rainfall, heavy winds and hail slapped their tarpaulin tent and lashed their refugee camp.

“We are freezing,” she said. “The tent is not heating up because it is flooded with ice-cold water.”

Lebanon was hit by Storm Norma on January 6, heavily impacting at least 360 informal refugee settlements and putting 850 others at risk. The country is home to more than a million Syrian refugees, many of whom live in temporary structures like these.

Tarima’s camp, Ali Askar, is situated near the snow-capped Qalamoun mountains, in an area called Bar Elias in Lebanon which is one of the worst hit by the storm.

Wading through knee-deep water, Tarima pointed to the floating utensils, soaked jackets and dripping blankets in her tent. “We lost a home in Syria, now we have lost what we had here,” she said.

Tarima in her tent in Ali Askar camp in the Bekaa Valley [Anchal Vohra/Al Jazeera]

In 2015, Tarima fled Homs in Syria and moved to the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. She said that she may have saved her family from the war but does not know how to protect them from the wrath of nature.

According to the United Nations refugee agency, UNHCR, at least 70,000 people are at risk from extreme weather, over half of them children. Norma has already claimed the life of its first victim, an eight-year-old girl who was swept away by the flood in the Minieh region.

Tarima is frightened about losing her children to the storm. “I was afraid they would be swallowed by the flood, now I am worried about disease,” she said.

Her 18-month-old boy Ahmad has been running a high fever for over a week now but has not yet seen a doctor.

“There are no medicines and no doctors,” she said. “Look at this dirty water. Won’t there be sickness?” she added. Her other children have colds and coughs, a condition many children in the camp are suffering from.

“There is not enough food either. My children have not had milk for over a week,” Tarima said, adding that she lost the food she had saved to the water and is now waiting for local Lebanese NGOs to provide whatever they can.

Lisa Abou Khaled, a spokesperson for UNHCR, told Al Jazeera that the organisation has begun to pump out water in the camps in the Bekaa. She said it is “proving to be a challenging task” because most of the camps are built below road level and rainwater has continued to accumulate.

“Both in the North and the Bekaa, alternative sites have been identified to accommodate families affected by the storm,” Abou Khaled said, adding that about 600 people had been relocated so far and some have moved into permanent structures with family and friends, while others have sought shelter in nearby schools or mosques.

Lisa said that along with local authorities and partners, UNHCR has distributed blankets, mattresses, and drainage kits.

‘Swimming pool’

The International Rescue Committee [IRC] has also sent its team to the affected areas and reported severe damage in the camps in North Lebanon.

Paul Donohoe of the IRC said that their team visited the camps in the Akkar region and described the site as “looking more like a swimming pool”.

“Irrigation and drainage at informal tented settlements are poor and it is almost impossible to prevent flood water entering the tents,” Donohoe said.

IRC has suspended many of its educational activities in the country, affecting 5,700 students.

A refugee outside Tamira’s tent in Ali Askar camp near the Syrian border [Anchal Vohra/Al Jazeera]

Donohoe described the helplessness of the refugee children who rely on begging or selling various items on the streets. “The severity of the storm didn’t prevent many Syrian children from continuing to work or begging on the streets to help make ends meet for their families.”

Nadia Rdeini, a local activist, has been conducting many rounds of the Ali Askar camp. As the camp flooded, she said, the refugees were rushed to the centres run by two NGOs in the camp so they could be provided some immediate relief. But much more needs to be done.

“The people need more food, more blankets, more clothes,” she said. “We also need to help them to rebuild their tents and provide them with the few necessary items they need to live which they have now lost.”

Nadia is concerned that the people may have to live with the aftermath long after the bad weather has passed. She volunteers with an NGO called Lighthouse Peace Initiative, which has started a fundraiser campaign to help the refugees in the Bekaa Valley.

Another resident in the camp is Huda al Zahoori, whose tent is also flooded. She is in her late sixties and lives alone in the camp. Her husband left for Syria a few months ago when they heard that their son had been arrested by the Syrian government, she said.

“My husband went to search for him but he has not found our son yet,” she said. I do not want to live in such conditions in Lebanon but how do I go back? It is not safe in Syria for us.”

Huda al-Zahoori in her tent in Ali Askar camp situated near the snow-capped Qalamoun mountains on the border with Syria [Anchal Vohra/Al Jazeera]

Huda’s sentiment resonated in other camps. The Syrian refugees said that they were tired of the living conditions in Lebanon even before the storm hit but could not see a way out.

Little help from authorities

Tarima feels she has no choice. “The way Lebanon has treated us, it is clear they want us to leave but where do I go when I go back to Syria?” she asked, “My house has been destroyed and the government will enlist my husband in the army. Who will feed us then?”

The Lebanese government has always said that they want the Syrian refugees to return to Syria and has done little to help those struck by the storm and in urgent need of help.

On Thursday, Prime Minister designate Saad Hariri headed a meeting with a range of ministries and announced measures to mitigate the impact of another storm expected over the weekend.

Lebanon’s National News Agency reported that government intends to clear up four storm drains located within Greater Beirut and repair damage on key roads.

The Syrian refugee encampments though may continue to be inundated. Lebanon does not allow official refugee camps and has strict restrictions on material that can be used to build even semi-permanent structures, to prevent them becoming permanent. This has forced many Syrians to live in unprotected tents and brave harsh winters year after year.

The Lebanese government fears that the Syrian refugees may never return and will stay back in Lebanon just as the Palestinians did who came here in 1948.

On Wednesday, Lebanon’s President Michel Aoun said that the Syrians should go back to Syria, take part in the Syrian reconstruction and live with dignity.

Tarima said that she does not want to say anything against the Lebanese government but she does not have any hopes from them.

“We pray to our God that the waters recede,” she said. “But it would be very kind of you to ask someone to help us with water for the toilets. The bathrooms in the NGO centre are very dirty,” she added, as two boys rowed a plank of wood from one camp to another.

Refugees in Ali Askar camp fear more bad weather will worsen their plight [Anchal Vohro/Al Jazeera] [Al Jazeera]

The amount of land being used to grow opium poppies continues to decline in Myanmar, but ongoing conflicts are hampering efforts to stamp out the trade at a time when the illicit drug economy is becoming increasingly diverse, according to a new UN report.

Some 37,300 hectares of land in the country was under poppy cultivation last year, down from 41,000 in 2017, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said in its Myanmar Opium Survey 2018 on Friday.

Nearly 90 percent of all the opium was grown in the northeastern Shan state, where government forces continue to battle ethnic rebels.

“The biggest drops in cultivation have been seen in areas that have had relatively good security,” the UNODC said.

“However, in parts of Shan and Kachin experiencing a protracted state of conflict, high concentrations of poppy cultivation have continued – a clear correlation between conflict and opium production.”

Myanmar has been battling conflicts in its border regions for decades and the unrest has long underpinned the drugs trade; in the mid-1990s, Myanmar’s Golden Triangle, which includes the border areas of Laos and Thailand, had the dubious distinction of being the centre of the world’s opium and heroin trade.

Since then, government eradication efforts have helped tackle the problem, but the conflicts continue to provide the kind of conditions that allow the illicit drug trade to thrive.

Myanmar is still the world’s second biggest producer, after Afghanistan, and it remains the major supplier of opium and heroin in East and Southeast Asia, as well as Australia.

Shift to methamphetamines 

The UN drugs and crimes agency said civil strife last year also made it difficult for the government to access opium-growing areas, obstructing efforts to destroy poppy fields.

About 2,605 hectares was eradicated in 2018, 26 percent less than the previous year, it said. UNODC data shows eradication has been in decline since 2015.

The agency noted that economic problems including a lack of job opportunities and income inequality also contributed to the resilience of the drug trade amid increasing efforts by traffickers and organised criminals to diversify the market.

The UN drugs and crimes agency pointed out that of the 11 countries in the region that shared data with it, nine now say methamphetamine is their biggest drug of concern, compared with only four a decade ago when heroin was their main worry.

“There has been a sharp increase in the supply of, and demand for, synthetic drugs and particularly methamphetamine across East and Southeast Asia and neighbouring regions,” the UNODC said. “The downward trend in opium cultivation and related heroin production needs to be understood in this context.”

The agency’s report came days after the International Crisis Group said that the long-running conflict in Shan state had turned the area into a hub for the global trade in crystal methamphetamine or ice, with the business controlled by local armed groups.

“The trade, which now dwarfs legitimate business activities, creates a political economy inimical to peace and security,” the group said in a report on Monday.

“It generates revenue for armed groups of all stripes.”

Crisis Group also said the militias and other armed groups who control both the areas of production and the main trafficking routes have no incentive to demobilise, because the weapons, territorial control and absence of state institutions are essential to the maintenance of their drug income.

The trade also attracts transnational criminal groups and allows “a culture of payoffs and graft to flourish” as officials are bribed for protection, support or to turn a blind eye to what it happening.

This “adds to the grievances of ethnic minority communities that underpin the seventy-year old civil war“, the group’s research found.

Regional strategy needed

In its survey, UNODC noted that while fewer hectares of land were being cultivated with poppies in Shan and Kachin, the concentration of fields was highest in the parts of the states where the conflict was most protracted.

In Kachin, most opium cultivation took place in areas controlled by the Kachin Independence Army, while in North Shan it was in areas under the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army; in South Shan, the Pa-O National Liberation Army, the Restoration Council of Shan State and the Shan State Army South, and in East Shan, the People Militia’s Force.

“There is a direct connection between drugs and conflict in the country, with the drug economy supporting the conflict and in-turn the conflict facilitating the drug economy,” the UNODC said. “Providing solutions to the conflict requires breaking this cycle.”

Resolving the issue will also require regional cooperation, Jeremy Douglas, regional representative for the UNODC in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, told Al Jazeera.

The manufacture of methamphetamines and ice require precursor chemicals, which are often smuggled into the country from China, while the drugs themselves need reliable trafficking networks to reach consumers beyond Myanmar’s borders.

“The region needs a shared strategy,” Douglas said. “Myanmar will not be able to solve the situation alone.”